I have been delving once again into the fascinating story of how we got our Bible, something that I think is all too little considered today. When one comes to the Bible realizing how many men and women died for and because of it, the perspective really changes. How the Bible has been providentially preserved for us is one of the greatest stories of history. But I am not going to reiterate that here today; my purposes for bringing up this topic are slightly different.
The topic of translation is what I have been considering these past few days. Translation can be a sticky topic. Do you pick something modern and easy to read, or old and difficult so your English will improve? Does it matter if the language is gender inclusive or not? Or what original text was use in the translation? Or even the purpose for having a new translation? I’m not going to go into all that either. Instead, I thought it would prove interesting to show some of the different translations side by side (or one after another as in the case of this blog) with only comments about the purpose of each translation. The conclusion you may draw yourself. I have picked a relatively non-controversial passage – Job 39:19-25 - for my analysis.
1395 Wycliffe’s Bible
Translated from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe. Is now thought to be translated by several people underneath Wycliff. The text fully conforms with Catholic teaching and includes the Apocrypha. Was unothorized but extremely popular. Wycliffe Bibles are the most common manuscripts in Middle English with 250 surviving.
Whether thou schalt yyue strengthe to an hors, ether schal yyue neiyng `aboute his necke? Whether thou schalt reyse hym as locustis? The glorie of hise nosethirlis is drede. He diggith erthe with the foot, he `fulli ioieth booldli; he goith ayens armed men. He dispisith ferdfulnesse, and he yyueth not stide to swerd. An arowe caas schal sowne on hym; a spere and scheeld schal florische. He is hoot, and gnastith, and swolewith the erthe; and he arettith not that the crie of the trumpe sowneth. Whanne he herith a clarioun, he `seith, Joie! he smellith batel afer; the excityng of duykis, and the yellyng of the oost.
1535 Myles Coverdale Bible
Translated from the Hebrew and Greek (Erasmus’ Textus Receptus) by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale. Was the first complete Modern English Bible (not just Old Testament or New Testament or single books). Was the first complete English Bible to be printed. Was the first officially approved English translation. Coverdale based his New Testament on Tyndale’s translation and used Tyndale’s partically translated Old Testament along with his own. Coverdale did not use any unpublished translations left by Tyndale after his martyrdom. Instead, those portions of Scripture Coverdale translated himself working from German Bibles and the Vulgate. A few years after the publication, Coverdale further reviewed his translation at the request of Henry VIII to create what is known as the Great Bible of England.
Hast thou geuen the horse is strength, or lerned him to bowe downe his neck with feare: that he letteth him self be dryuen forth like a greshopper, where as the stoute neyenge that he maketh, is fearfull? he breaketh ye grounde with the hoffes of his fete chearfully in his strength, and runneth to mete the harnest men. He layeth asyde all feare, his stomack is not abated, nether starteth he a back for eny swerde. Though the quyuers rattle vpon him, though the speare and shilde glistre: yet russheth he in fearsly, and beateth vpon the grounde. He feareth not the noyse of the trompettes, but as soone as he heareth the shawmes blowe, tush (sayeth he) for he smelleth the batell afarre of, ye noyse, the captaynes and the shoutinge.
1569 Bishops Bible
Translated in response to the 1560 Geneva Bible, which, though excellent, remained a Bible of a political and religious party that the Anglican church were offended with. The Great Bible by this time was acknowledged to be severely deficiant, so the Archbishop of Canterbury led the way for a new translation. The resulting Bible was then translated from the original texts, but the Apocrypha was translated from the Latin.
Hast thou geue the horse his strength, or learned him to ney coragiously? Canst thou make him afrayde as a grashopper? where as the stoute neying that he maketh is fearefull. He breaketh the grounde with the hooffes of his feete, he reioyceth cherefully in his strength, and runneth to meete the harnest men. He layeth aside all feare, his stomacke is not abated, neither starteth he backe for any sworde. Though the quiuers rattle vpon him, though the speare and shielde glister: Yet rusheth he in fiercely beating the grounde, he thinketh it not the noyse of the trumpettes: But when the trumpettes make most noyse, he saith, tushe, for he smelleth the battaile a farre of, the noyse of the captaines and the shouting.
1582 Douay-Rheims Bible
English Translation of the Latin Vulgate. Was a Catholic response to the highly influential English Protestant Bibles. Was sold widely in England and had a significent development on 17th century English. Because it was translated from Latin, however, it is considered extremely difficult to read in some places since Latin is a language composed primarily of nouns as opposed to the Greek and Hebrew verbs.
Wilt thou give strength to the horse or clothe his neck with neighing? Wilt thou lift him up like the locusts? the glory of his nostrils is terror. He breaketh up the earth with his hoof, he pranceth boldly, he goeth forward to meet armed men. He despiseth fear, he turneth not his back to the sword. Above him shall the quiver rattle, the spear and shield shall glitter. Chasing and raging he swalloweth the ground, neither doth he make account when the noise of the trumpet soundeth. When he heareth the trumpet he saith: Ha, ha: he smelleth the battle afar off, the encouraging of the captains, and the shouting of the army.
1599 Geneva Bible
Reprint of the 1560 translation from the Hebrew and Greek texts. The Geneva Bible is the most historically significant English translation. It is second only to the King James in the majesty of its language. It was used by Shakspeare, Cromwell, Milton, Knox, Donne and Bunyan. It was the first mass-produced Bible affordable to the general public. Was published with extensive notes, making it the first study Bible. Because the language is stronger than any other translation, this Bible was prefered over the Bishop’s Bible in England by the masses.
Hast thou given the horse his strength, or covered his neck with neighing? Hast thou made him afraid as the grasshopper? his strong neighing is fearful. He diggeth in the valley, and rejoiceth in his strength: he goeth forth to meet the harnessed man. He mocketh at fear and is not afraid, and turneth not back from the sword, though the quiver rattle against him, the glittering spear and the shield. He swalloweth the ground for fierceness and rage, and he believeth not that it is the noise of the trumpet. He saith among the trumpets, Ha, ha: he smelleth the battle afar off, and the noise of the captains and the shouting.
1611 King James Version
The most well known of all the English translations. It was the third of the royally commisioned Bibles. Instructions were given to the translaters to guarantee that the new version would conform to the structure of the Church of England and subsuquent beliefs about ordained clergy. The basis for this Bible was the Bishop’s Bible. It took over half a century for this Bible to supplant the popular and influential Geneva Bible; afterwards its supremecy was unchallenged until the end of the 19th century.
Hast thou given the horse strength? hast thou clothed his neck with thunder? Canst thou make him afraid as a grasshopper? the glory of his nostrils is terrible. He paweth in the valley, and rejoiceth in his strength: he goeth on to meet the armed men. He mocketh at fear, and is not affrighted; neither turneth he back from the sword. The quiver rattleth against him, the glittering spear and the shield. He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage: neither believeth he that it is the sound of the trumpet. He saith among the trumpets, Ha, ha; and he smelleth the battle afar off, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting.
1885 English Revised Version
The original intent for this version was to adapt the King James version to the current English lanuage without changing idiom and vocabulary since many words were either obsolete or the meaning had changed. The hope was that the new version would be to the 19th century what the King James was to the 17th century. This was the first major English translation to depart from the Textus Receptus in favor of the Crictical text anaylsis. The translation itself is regarded as excessively literal and flat. However, this version is significent as it was the first to challenge the 300 year supremecy of the only viable Bible in England. The RV is the forerunner of the entire modern Bible translation.
Hast thou given the horse [his] might? hast thou clothed his neck with the quivering mane? Hast thou made him to leap as a locust? the glory of his snorting is terrible. He paweth in the valley, and rejoiceth in his strength: he goeth out to meet the armed men. He mocketh at fear, and is not dismayed; neither turneth he back from the sword. The quiver rattleth against him, the flashing spear and the javelin. He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage; neither believeth he that it is the voice of the trumpet. As oft as the trumpet [soundeth] he saith, Aha! and he smelleth the battle afar off, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting.
1901 American Standard Bible
Has its roots in the earlier English Revised Version. American religious leaders were invited in 1870 to work on the RV project. Any suggestions by the American team would only be accepted in two-thirds of the British team agreed. This idea was backed up by an agreement that is their suggestions were placed in the RV appendix, the American team would not publish their own version for 14 years. Their suggestions numbered about 300, and were often based on differences between American and British vocabulary. As early as 1898, the RV was published with the American suggestions included. In 1901, the Revised Version, Standard American Edition (the official name of the American Standard Bible) was published in North America. The language is limited to Elizabethan English and excessively literal, ensuring that it would never supplant the tranditional KJV in American churches until the Revised Standard Version of 1952. By the time the copyright expired, interest in the translation had waned and textual corruption never became an issue with the ASV as with the RV. This Bible is sometimes known as the Standard Version.
Hast thou given the horse [his] might? Hast thou clothed his neck with the quivering mane? Hast thou made him to leap as a locust? The glory of his snorting is terrible. He paweth in the valley, and rejoiceth in his strength: He goeth out to meet the armed men. He mocketh at fear, and is not dismayed; neither turneth he back from the sword. The quiver rattleth against him, the flashing spear and the javelin. He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage; neither believeth he that it is the voice of the trumpet. As oft as the trumpet [soundeth] he saith, Aha! And he smelleth the battle afar off, The thunder of the captains, and the shouting.
1952 Revised Standard Bible
The first motions to revised the ASV came as early as the 1930s, but the Great Depression held back work until 1937. 32 scholars were brought together for that task. Some wnated to set up a corresponding translation committee in England, but WW2 cancled those plans. The RSV was the first Bible to seriously challenge the popularity of the KJV. The intention was to create a clearer version of the Bible for the English speaking church. Like the RV and the ASV, this New Testament of this Bible was not translated from the Textus Receptus but from Nestle’s Greek text which was continually being updated as archeology progressed. This was the first Bible to do away with arcahic pronouns. It also challenged several key doctrines of the Church, such as the virginity of Mary and prophecies of Jesus.
Do you give the horse his might? Do you clothe his neck with strength? Do you make him leap like the locust? His majestic snorting is terrible. He paws in the valley, and exults in his strength; he goes out to meet the weapons. He laughs at fear, and is not dismayed; he does not turn back from the sword. Upon him rattle the quiver, the flashing spear and the javelin. With fierceness and rage he swallows the ground; he cannot stand still at the sound of the trumpet. When the trumpet sounds, he says ‘Aha!’ He smells the battle from afar, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting.
1971 New American Standard Bible
This version is considered to be the most literal of all 20th century translations. The purpose of a new translation was fourfold: 1) the publication should be true to the original languages; 2) they should be grammatically correct; 3) they should be understandable; 4) they should give Christ His proper place; therefore no work would ever be personalized. As the name implised, the NASB is a revision of the earlier, theologically liberal ASV. As all other 20th century translations, the Greek text used for the New Testament was not the Textus Receptus, but Critical text analysis (Nestle’s Greek text, 3rd edution of Kittel’s Biblia Hebraica & the Dead Sea Scrolls). The translators sought for word to word translation in contemporary English except in certain cases where word for word literalness was detirmined to be unacceptable; current idioms were then used with literal renderings included in footnotes.
Do you give the horse his might? Do you clothe his neck with a mane? “Do you make him leap like the locust? His majestic snorting is terrible. “He paws in the valley, and rejoices in his strength; He goes out to meet the weapons. “He laughs at fear and is not dismayed; and he does not turn back from the sword. “The quiver rattles against him, The flashing spear and javelin.”With shaking and rage he races over the ground, And he does not stand still at the voice of the trumpet. “As often as the trumpet sounds he says, `Aha!’ And he scents the battle from afar, And the thunder of the captains and the war cry.
1978 New International Version
Because the Revised Standard Version did not follow orthadox Christian doctrine, several groups of Evangelical Christians came together to translate a new English Bible. The translating process lasted ten years and involved scholars from around the world from over twenty different denominations including Baptists, Evangelicals, Methodists, Lutherans, and Anglicans. The translators wanted to produce a Bible that would fall be tween formal and functional equivalence. Instead of translating word for word, greater emphasis was placed on thought for thought. Like other 20th century Bibles, the New Testament wasn’t translated from the Textus Receptus, but the Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament and the newest Greek fragments that had been recently discovered. There was also a push to smooth out apparent contradictions in the original text. The NIV is the most popular of all English translations.
”Do you give the horse his strength or clothe his neck with a flowing mane? Do you make him leap like a locust, striking terror with his proud snorting? He paws fiercely, rejoicing in his strength, and charges into the fray. He laughs at fear, afraid of nothing; he does not shy away from the sword. The quiver rattles against his side, along with the flashing spear and lance. In frenzied excitement he eats up the ground; he cannot stand still when the trumpet sounds. At the blast of the trumpet he snorts, ‘Aha!’ He catches the scent of battle from afar, the shout of commanders and the battle cry.
1982 New King James Bible
Originally known as the Revised Authorized Version, the NKJV was an attempt to update the vocabulary and grammer of the NKJ while preserving the beauty of the 1611 version, something none of the modern translations had been able to do. Unlike all other 20th century translations, the NKJV did make use of the Textus Receptus in its translation of the New Testament and did not use the same “dynamic equivilence” as other translations. Like other 20th century translations, the NKJV lacks the archaic pronouns of the 1611 version. Verb forms were also modernized.
Have you given the horse strength? Have you clothed his neck with thunder? Can you frighten him like a locust? His majestic snorting strikes terror. He paws in the valley, and rejoices in his strength; he gallops into the clash of arms. He mocks at fear, and is not frightened; Nor does he turn back from the sword. The quiver rattles against him, the glittering spear and javelin. He devours the distance with fierceness and rage; nor does he come to a halt because the trumpet has sounded. At the blast of the trumpet he says, “Aha!’ He smells the battle from afar, the thunder of captains and shouting.
1991 New Century Version
A youth Bible geared to a grade 5 reading level published in 1991. Uses gender inclusive language. Translated using Critical text analysis.
Job, are you the one who gives the horse its strength or puts a flowing mane on its neck? Do you make the horse jump like a locust? It scares people with its proud snorting. It paws wildly, enjoying its strength, and charges into battle. It laughs at fear and is afraid of nothing; it does not run away from the sword. The bag of arrows rattles against the horse’s side, along with the flashing spears and swords. With great excitement, the horse races over the ground; and it cannot stand still when it hears the trumpet. When the trumpet blows, the horse snorts, ‘Aha!’ It smells the battle from far away; it hears the shouts of commanders and the battle cry.
2001 English Standard Version
The ESV is the most modern attempt to give the English speaking work an accurate translation in the traditions of Tyndale and the KJV. The translators sought as far as possible tp capture the precise wording of the original text and personal style of each book, taking into account the differences of grammer, syntax and idiom between the original languages and English. The ESV is more literal than the NIV but more idomatic than the NASB. It upholds orthadox doctrines, such as the deity of Christ and the virginity of Mary. It also replaced archaic pronouns with modern ones and updated verbs. Like all 20th century translations, it used modern compilations of Greeks texts in favor of the Textus Receptus; it also utalized the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Septuagint, and the Vulgate to shed light on difficult passages.
Have you given the horse strength? Have you clothed his neck with thunder? Can you frighten him like a locust? His majestic snorting strikes terror. He paws in the valley, and rejoices in his strength; He gallops into the clash of arms. He mocks at fear, and is not frightened; Nor does he turn back from the sword. The quiver rattles against him, the glittering spear and javelin. He devours the distance with fierceness and rage; nor does he come to a halt because the trumpet has sounded. At the blast of the trumpet he says, “Aha!’ He smells the battle from afar, the thunder of captains and shouting.
2002 The Message
Paraphrase of the original languages by Eugene H. Peterson. His work was aimed at two groups of people: 1) those who hadn’t read the Bible because it was old and irrelavent; 2) those who had read the Bible so much that familiarity jaded them. Peterson felt that he should be always looking for ways to make the Bibical text relavent to the current conditions of his congregation. The Message is very commonly used today in corporate worship.
Are you the one who gave the horse his prowess and adorned him with a shimmering mane? Did you create him to prance proudly and strike terror with his royal snorts? He paws the ground fiercely, eager and spirited, then charges into the fray. He laughs at danger, fearless, doesn’t shy away from the sword. The banging and clanging of quiver and lance don’t faze him. He quivers with excitement, and at the trumpet blast races off at a gallop. At the sound of the trumpet he neighs mightily, smelling the excitement of battle from a long way off, catching the rolling thunder of the war cries.



























